Justice Sotomayor, with whom Justice Breyer and Justice Kagan join, dissenting.
The Court’s order is stunning
. Presented with an application to enjoin a flagrantly unconstitutional law engineered to prohibit women from exercising their constitutional rights and evade judicial scrutiny, a majority of Justices have opted to bury their heads in the sand
. Last night, the Court silently acquiesced
in a State’s enactment of a law that flouts nearly 50 years of federal precedents. Today, the Court belatedly explains
that it declined to grant relief because of procedural complexities of the State’s own invention. Ante, at 1. Because the Court’s failure to act rewards tactics
designed to avoid judicial review
and inflicts significant harm
on the applicants and on women seeking abortions in Texas, I dissent.
In May 2021, the Texas Legislature enacted S. B. 8 (the Act). The Act, which took effect statewide at midnight on September 1, makes it unlawful for physicians to perform abortions if they either detect cardiac activity in an embryo or fail to perform a test to detect such activity. §3 (to be codified at Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§171.201(1), 171.204(a) (West 2021)). This equates to a near-categorical ban on abortions beginning six weeks after a woman’s last menstrual period, before many women realize they are pregnant, and months before fetal viability. According to the applicants, who are abortion providers and advocates in Texas, the Act immediately prohibits care for at least 85%
of Texas abortion patients and will force many abortion
clinics to close.
The Act is clearly unconstitutional under existing precedents. See, e.g., June Medical Servs. L. L. C. v. Russo, 591 U. S. ___, ___ (2020) (ROBERTS, C. J., concurring in judgment) (slip op., at 5) (explaining that “the State may not
impose an undue burden on the woman’s ability to obtain
an abortion” of a “nonviable fetus” (citing Roe v. Wade, 410 U. S. 113 (1973), and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U. S. 833 (1992); internal quotation marks omitted)). The respondents do not even try to argue otherwise. Nor could they: No federal appellate court has upheld such a comprehensive prohibition on abortions before viability under current law.
The Texas Legislature was well aware of this binding
precedent. To circumvent it, the Legislature took the extraordinary step of enlisting private citizens to do what the
State could not. The Act authorizes any private citizen to
file a lawsuit against any person who provides an abortion
in violation of the Act, “aids or abets” such an abortion (including by paying for it) regardless of whether they know
the abortion is prohibited under the Act, or even intends to
engage in such conduct. §3 (to be codified at Tex. Health &
Safety Code Ann. §171.208). Courts are required to enjoin
the defendant from engaging in these actions in the future
and to award the private-citizen plaintiff at least $10,000
in “statutory damages” for each forbidden abortion performed or aided by the defendant. Ibid. In effect, the Texas
Legislature has deputized the State’s citizens as bounty
hunters, offering them cash prizes for civilly prosecuting
their neighbors’ medical procedures.
The Legislature fashioned this scheme because federal
constitutional challenges to state laws ordinarily are
brought against state officers who are in charge of enforcing
the law. See, e.g., Virginia Office for Protection and Advocacy v. Stewart, 563 U. S. 247, 254 (2011) (citing Ex parte Young, 209 U. S. 123 (1908)). By prohibiting state officers from enforcing the Act directly and relying instead on citizen bounty hunters, the Legislature sought to make it more complicated for federal courts to enjoin the Act on a statewide basis.
Taken together, the Act is a breathtaking act of defiance—of the Constitution, of this Court’s precedents, and of the rights of women seeking abortions throughout Texas. But over six weeks after the applicants filed suit to prevent the Act from taking effect, a Fifth Circuit panel abruptly stayed all proceedings before the District Court and vacated a preliminary injunction hearing that was scheduled to begin on Monday. The applicants requested emergency relief from this Court, but the Court said nothing
. The Act took effect at midnight last night.*
Today, the Court finally tells the Nation that it declined to act
because, in short, the State’s gambit worked. The structure of the State’s scheme, the Court reasons, raises “complex and novel antecedent procedural questions” that counsel against granting the application, ante, at 1, just as the State intended. This is untenable. It cannot be the case that a State can evade federal judicial scrutiny by outsourcing the enforcement of unconstitutional laws to its citizenry. Moreover, the District Court held this case justiciable in a thorough and well-reasoned opinion after weeks of briefing and consideration. 2021 WL 3821062, *8–*26 (WD Tex., Aug. 25, 2021). At a minimum, this Court should have stayed implementation
of the Act to allow the lower courts to evaluate these issues in the normal course. Ante, at 2 (Roberts, C. J., dissenting). Instead, the Court has rewarded
the State’s effort to delay federal review of a plainly unconstitutional statute
, enacted in disregard of the Court’s precedents
, through procedural entanglements
of the State’s own creation.
The Court should not be so content
to ignore its constitutional obligations to protect not only the rights of women, but also the sanctity of its precedents and of the rule of law.
I dissent.
____________
*